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離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)是利用離(li)(li)心(xin)力分離(li)(li)液體(ti)與固體(ti)顆粒或液體(ti)與液體(ti)的(de)混合(he)物中(zhong)各組分的(de)機(ji)械，應用于醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)中(zhong)的(de)離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)就叫(jiao)做醫(yi)(yi)用離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)。醫(yi)(yi)用離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)根(gen)據(ju)zui大轉速(su)(su)可分為低速(su)(su)離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)（<10 000 r/min）、高速(su)(su)離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)（10 000~30 000 r/min）和超(chao)速(su)(su)離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)（>30 000 r/min），按(an)有無(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)冷設(she)備(bei)可分為冷凍(dong)離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)和普(pu)通離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)。現把多年來在(zai)設(she)備(bei)維(wei)修中(zhong)遇到的(de)冷凍(dong)離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)的(de)故障現象和維(wei)修方法以低速(su)(su)冷凍(dong)離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)為例進(jin)行總結。例:低速(su)(su)冷凍(dong)離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)是zui高轉速(su)(su)為4000 r/min帶有制(zhi)(zhi)冷設(she)備(bei)的(de)離(li)(li)心(xin)實驗(yan)儀器，故障現象主要有離(li)(li)心(xin)機(ji)不(bu)轉或轉速(su)(su)不(bu)準(zhun)確、溫度控制(zhi)(zhi)失靈等。

1故障一

1.1故障現象

離(li)心(xin)機(ji)不轉，轉速達(da)不到設定值。

1.2分析與檢修

離(li)心(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)和轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)達(da)不到(dao)設(she)定值的(de)原因(yin)有以下3種情況：（1）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路部(bu)分故(gu)障。首先(xian)(xian)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)線、插座(zuo)、插頭(tou)、變阻器(qi)（WH118，3.3 kΩ，2 W）、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)（HH52P，HH53P）等易壞(huai)部(bu)件進行(xing)檢修(xiu)。然(ran)后，檢查(cha)(cha)開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)以后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、空氣開關、整(zheng)(zheng)流器(qi)、濾波器(qi)、變壓(ya)器(qi)（OUT18V，3 A），直至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)分。（2）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)身故(gu)障。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)離(li)心(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)主要(yao)部(bu)件之一(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分為帶(dai)碳(tan)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)碳(tan)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。該離(li)心(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)帶(dai)碳(tan)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，現在大多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)都(dou)是(shi)無(wu)碳(tan)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)達(da)不到(dao)設(she)定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，首先(xian)(xian)檢查(cha)(cha)軸承，需(xu)更換(huan)時就(jiu)更換(huan)，需(xu)要(yao)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)時（比如加注潤滑油和清(qing)洗時）就(jiu)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)。然(ran)后，檢查(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)整(zheng)(zheng)流子和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)是(shi)否匹配、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)磨損是(shi)否厲害(hai)、是(shi)否需(xu)要(yao)更換(huan)等。（3）轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)控(kong)制部(bu)分故(gu)障。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)控(kong)制系統(tong)有一(yi)個集(ji)成芯片(pian)（CW7815C III9501）能(neng)確保離(li)心(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)安全(quan)準確的(de)運行(xing)，如果轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)故(gu)障排除(chu)以上原因(yin)，可更換(huan)芯片(pian)或(huo)者控(kong)制面(mian)板(ban)。

2故障二

2.1故障現象

離心機溫(wen)度控制失靈，雖(sui)能(neng)制冷但是不能(neng)設定溫(wen)度。

2.2分析與檢修

離(li)(li)心(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)失靈的原因主要有(you)2個：（1）溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)控(kong)制面板故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)；（2）傳感器故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)是冷凍離(li)(li)心(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)一(yi)個重要的參數，因為有(you)些樣(yang)品(pin)（比(bi)如細胞、蛋白質等）在高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)環(huan)境(jing)下(xia)會(hui)被破壞，離(li)(li)心(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)在高速(su)運(yun)轉下(xia)就會(hui)產生能(neng)量(liang)，所以必須(xu)利用制冷系統對離(li)(li)心(xin)(xin)(xin)樣(yang)品(pin)進行降(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，使其離(li)(li)心(xin)(xin)(xin)環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)持在一(yi)定的范圍之內（比(bi)如1～10℃）。打開(kai)(kai)機(ji)(ji)箱蓋，檢測溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)控(kong)制面板電壓，12 V和6 V電壓正常(chang)。懷(huai)疑溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)控(kong)制芯片（ICL7107CPL L9646）異常(chang)，剛好有(you)一(yi)個從報廢舊機(ji)(ji)器拆下(xia)的溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)控(kong)制芯片（ICL7107CPL 58840），更換(huan)后離(li)(li)心(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)排除，機(ji)(ji)器恢復(fu)正常(chang)。若傳感器故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)引起溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)測量(liang)不準確，錯誤數據(ju)導(dao)致隨(sui)意開(kai)(kai)關制冷系統，則必須(xu)更換(huan)包(bao)裹在離(li)(li)心(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)體外(wai)圍內的傳感器。

3故障三

3.1故障現象

離心機溫度設置正常(chang)但(dan)是不(bu)能制冷。

3.2分析與檢修

分析能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)設定(ding)溫(wen)度(du)但是不制冷原因有2種情況：（1）排除(chu)溫(wen)度(du)控(kong)制面板故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，懷疑制冷系統故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，因為使用人員反(fan)映(ying)該離心機zui近幾天(tian)制冷效(xiao)(xiao)果差，檢查后發現空(kong)氣壓縮(suo)機內的氟利昂太少(shao)導致降溫(wen)效(xiao)(xiao)果不好。給壓縮(suo)機加注氟利昂，故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)排除(chu)。（2）傳感器故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)二已(yi)經敘述，不再贅(zhui)言。

4離心機的維護

（1）使用(yong)前把離心機(ji)放在堅固的(de)(de)地(di)面上，機(ji)體不能晃動(dong)，確(que)保電(dian)源等外圍設(she)施*后(hou)接入離心機(ji)。樣品(pin)裝載時(shi)(shi)一(yi)定要(yao)平(ping)(ping)衡，因為機(ji)載運轉(zhuan)時(shi)(shi)會(hui)產生很大的(de)(de)離心力，尤其是在高(gao)速(su)(su)運轉(zhuan)時(shi)(shi)，不平(ping)(ping)衡的(de)(de)樣品(pin)會(hui)產生很大的(de)(de)力矩，輕者引起(qi)機(ji)器抖動(dong)或晃動(dong)，重者會(hui)扭曲轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)引起(qi)更(geng)大的(de)(de)抖動(dong)甚至斷(duan)裂。打開電(dian)源開關(guan)后(hou)，設(she)定轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)，是從低速(su)(su)到高(gao)速(su)(su)逐漸加速(su)(su)，此時(shi)(shi)嚴禁(jin)打開機(ji)蓋。使用(yong)中發現異常要(yao)立即關(guan)閉(bi)電(dian)源，不要(yao)等發生更(geng)嚴重后(hou)果后(hou)再(zai)關(guan)機(ji)，應該及時(shi)(shi)醫療設(she)備維(wei)修工程師(shi)。實驗完(wan)成后(hou)，要(yao)逐漸減速(su)(su)，直(zhi)至自(zi)行停轉(zhuan)，關(guan)閉(bi)電(dian)源。

（2）醫療設備(bei)維修工(gong)程師(shi)要(yao)定(ding)期(qi)對電動機(ji)碳刷等(deng)容易磨(mo)損(sun)部件進行更換，給軸承加注潤滑(hua)油(you)，檢(jian)查(cha)維修容易損(sun)壞(huai)的元器(qi)件，確保機(ji)器(qi)工(gong)作狀態正常，防患于未然。